Τα εξωσώματα ως Βιοδείκτες και Θεραπευτικά Οχήματα Χορήγησης Φαρμάκων διαμέσου των Βιολογικών Μεμβρανών για Διάφορες Ασθένειες του Ανθρώπου
Exosomes for treatment of hunan diseases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60988/p.v37i1.76Abstract
Τα εξωσώματα είναι νανοκυστίδια αποτελούμενα από μεμβράνες διπλής στοιβάδας που εμπλέκονται σε διάφορες φυσιολογικές και παθολογικές βιολογικές διεργασίες και μπορούν να διαπεράσουν εύκολα τον αιματοεγκεφαλικό φραγμό. Η χρήση των εξωσωμάτων ως οχήματα χορήγησης φαρμάκων προσφέρει σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα σε σύγκριση με άλλα συστήματα χορήγησης νανοσωματιδίων, όπως είναι τα λιποσώματα και τα πολυμερή νανοσωματίδια. Τα πλεονεκτήματα των εξωσωμάτων έναντι των λιποσώματα και των πολυμερών στην μεταφορά φαρμάκων οφείλονται α) στο μικρό μέγεθους των εξωσωμάτων, β) στη μεγάλη ικανότητα των εξωσωμάτων να προκαλούν σύντηξη της πλασματικής μεμβράνης διαφόρων τύπων κυττάρων και να διοχετεύουν το περιεχόμενό τους εντός αυτών, γ) στο μεγάλο χρόνο ημίσειας ζωής των μεταφερόμενων φαρμάκων, δ) στη μεγάλη τάση των μεταφερόμενων φαρμάκων να συσσωρεύονται στα καρκινικά κύτταρα σε σχέση με τα υγιή, ε) στη μεγάλη ειδικότητα των μεταφερόμενων φαρμάκων με τα εξωσώματα στα κύτταρα-στόχους, στ) στη βιοσυμβατότητα των εξωσωμάτων που μεταφέρουν φάρμακα χωρίς πρόκληση ανοσολογικής αντίδρασης, ζ) στη μεγάλη βιοαποδομησιμότητα των εξωσωματάτων, η) στη μικρή τοξικότητα των εξωσωμάτων, (θ) στη μη συσσώρευση των εξωσωμάτων στο ήπαρ και την αποφυγή του μεταβολισμού πρώτης διόδου. Στο παρόν άρθρο περιγράφονται αναλυτικά η προέλευση, το φορτίο και τα χαρακτηριστικά των εξωσωμάτων, ο ρόλος τους ως διαγνωστικοί και προγνωστικοί βιοδείκτες και η κλινική σημασία τους ως θεραπευτικά συστήματα μεταφοράς 1) μικρών μορίων, 2) μεγάλων μορίων όπως πρωτεϊνών και πεπτιδίων, 3) μικρών παρεμβαλλόμενων μορίων RNA (siRNA) και 4) microRNA (miRNA) για την θεραπεία διαφόρων ασθενειών του ανθρώπου. Συμπερασματικά, θα πρέπει να γίνουν πλήρως κατανοητά τα διάφορα συστατικά των εξωσωμάτων, οι λειτουργικές ιδιότητές τους και ο ρόλος τους ως βιοδείκτες προτού αυτά τα συστήματα χορήγησης φαρμάκων αποτελέσουν τη νέα θεραπευτική πραγματικότητα.
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