Prospects of Obtaining Antitoxins and Immunoglobulin Preparations from Animal Blood, Their Purification and Application
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60988/p.v36i3.37Keywords:
antitoxin, immunoglobulin preparation, F(ab’)2 fragments, antivenom, proteolytic digestionAbstract
Animal hyperimmune sera containing specific protective antibodies against bacterial and viral antigens, snake and insect venoms have been used for more than 120 years. Currently, antitoxins against bacterial toxins (diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, etc.), viruses (rabies, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, etc.), venoms of snakes (viper, gyurza, efa, cobra, etc.), spiders (black widow spider, red-backed spider, etc.), and scorpions have been developed and are successfully used. The review is devoted to modern technologies for producing antitoxins and immunoglobulin preparations, as well as the main areas of their application, such as the prevention or treatment of bacterial and viral diseases, bites of venomous snakes and spiders. The main stages of the production of antitoxins and immunoglobulin preparations are considered. An important step in the production of these drugs is the proteolytic digestion of native immunoglobulin molecules using enzymes to obtain F(ab')2-fragments and remove Fc-fragments, that leads to the elimination of undesirable interactions with Fc-receptors in tissue, which reduces the frequency of side effects. Today, antitoxins and immunoglobulin preparations are widely used in practical medicine. In addition to the application of well-known antitoxins, purification methods are being improved and new drugs are being developed to fight with actual threats such as antitoxin against COVID-19.
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